{"id":18533,"date":"2023-08-04T14:43:33","date_gmt":"2023-08-04T18:43:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jimbovard.com\/blog\/?p=18533"},"modified":"2023-08-04T14:43:51","modified_gmt":"2023-08-04T18:43:51","slug":"korean-armistice-at-70-redefining-atrocities-as-victory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jimbovard.com\/blog\/2023\/08\/04\/korean-armistice-at-70-redefining-atrocities-as-victory\/","title":{"rendered":"Korean Armistice at 70: Redefining Atrocities as Victory"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Counterpunch, August 4, 2023<\/p>\n

Korean Armistice at 70: Redefining Atrocities as Victory<\/a><\/h1>\n

by<\/span> James Bovard<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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Last week was the 70th<\/sup> anniversary of the armistice that ended the fighting between North and South Korea.\u00a0 In a low-key commemoration, the White House Press Office issued a statement from President Biden calling to \u201crenew our commitment to the democratic values for which [American troops] served and sacrificed.\u201d\u00a0 In reality, almost 40,000 American soldiers died pointlessly in that conflict to buttress the principle that presidents could deceive the nation and intervene wherever they damn well chose.<\/p>\n

If politicians and policymakers were honest and prudent, the Korean War would have vaccinated America against the folly and evil of foreign intervention. Instead, the war was retroactively redefined. As Barack Obama declared in 2013, \u201cThat war was no tie. Korea was a victory.\u201d<\/p>\n

The war began with what Harry Truman claimed was a surprise invasion on June 25, 1950, by the North Korean army across the dividing line with South Korea that was devised after World War Two. But the U.S. government had ample warnings of the pending invasion. According to the late Justin Raimondo, founder of antiwar.com, the conflict actually started with a series of attacks by South Korean forces, aided by the U.S. military: \u201cFrom 1945-1948, American forces aided [South Korean President Syngman] Rhee in a killing spree that claimed tens of thousands of victims: the counterinsurgency campaign took a high toll in Kwangju, and on the island of Cheju-do \u2014 where as many as 60,000 people were murdered by Rhee\u2019s US-backed forces.\u201d<\/p>\n

The North Korean army quickly routed both South Korean and U.S. forces. A complete debacle was averted after Gen. Douglas MacArthur masterminded a landing of U.S. troops at Inchon. After he routed the North Korean forces, MacArthur was determined to continue pushing northward regardless of the danger of provoking a much broader war.\u00a0 By the time the U.S. forces drove the North Korean army back across the border between the two Koreas, roughly 5,000 American troops had been killed. The Pentagon had plenty of warning that the Chinese would intervene if the U.S. Army pushed too close to the Chinese border. But the euphoria that erupted after Inchon blew away all common sense and drowned out the military voices who warned of a catastrophe. One U.S. Army colonel responded to a briefing on the Korea situation in Tokyo in 1950 by storming out and declaring, \u201cThey\u2019re living in a goddamn dream land.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Chinese military attack resulted in the longest retreat in the history of America\u2019s armed forces \u2014 a debacle that was valorized in the 1986 Clint Eastwood movie, Heartbreak Ridge. By 1951, the Korean War had become intensely unpopular in the United States \u2014 more unpopular than the Vietnam War ever was. Truman insisted on mislabeling the war as a \u201cpolice action,\u201d but it destroyed his presidency regardless.\u00a0 When the ceasefire was signed in 1953, the borders were nearly the same as at the start of the war.<\/p>\n

While the Friends of Leviathan paint Truman as the epitome of an honest politician, he was as demagogic on Korea as Lyndon Johnson was on Vietnam. When Republicans criticized the Korean war as useless, President Harry Truman condemned \u201creckless and irresponsible Republican extremists\u201d and \u201cthe false version of history that has been copyrighted by the extremists in the Republican Party.\u201d<\/p>\n

Perhaps the biggest disaster of the Korean war was that intellectuals and foreign-policy experts succeeded in redefining the Korean conflict as an American victory. As Georgetown University professor Derek Leebaert noted in his book Magic and Mayhem, \u201cWhat had been regarded as a bloody stalemate transformed itself in Washington\u2019s eyes; ten years later it had become an example of a successful limited war. Already by the mid-1950s, elite opinion began to surmise that it had been a victory.\u201d Leebaert explained, \u201cImages of victory in Korea shaped the decision to escalate in 1964-65 helping to explain why America pursued a war of attrition.\u201d Even worse, the notion that \u201c\u2018America has never lost a war\u2019 remained part of the national myth, and the notion of having \u2018prevailed\u2019 in Korea became a justification for going big in Vietnam.\u201d But as Leebaert noted, \u201cin Vietnam, [the U.S. Army] had forgotten everything it had learned about counterinsurgency in Korea as well.\u201d<\/p>\n

On last year\u2019s armistice anniversary, President Biden proclaimed, \u201cDuring the Korean War, nearly 1.8 million Americans answered the call to serve and defend the freedoms and universal values that the people of South Korea enjoy today.\u201d\u00a0 The \u201ccall to serve\u201d mostly came from summons from draft boards for military conscription.\u00a0 American media commemorations of the Korean War have almost entirely ignored perhaps the war\u2019s most important lesson: the U.S. government has almost unlimited sway to hide its own war crimes.<\/p>\n

During the war, Americans were deluged with official pronouncements that the U.S. military was taking all possible steps to protect innocent Korean civilians. Because the evils of communism were self-evident, few questions arose about how the United States was thwarting Red aggression. When a U.S. Senate subcommittee appointed in 1953 by Sen. Joseph McCarthy investigated Korean War atrocities, the committee explicitly declared that \u201cwar crimes were defined as those acts committed by enemy nations.\u201d\u00a0 This same standard prevailed in Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan, and practically any other place where the U.S. militarily intervened.<\/p>\n

In 1999, forty-six years after the cease fire in Korea, the Associated Press exposed a 1950 massacre of Korean refugees at No Gun Ri. U.S. troops drove Koreans out of their village and forced them to remain on a railroad embankment. Beginning on July 25, 1950, the refugees were strafed by U.S. planes and machine guns over the following three days. Hundreds of people, mostly women and children, were killed. The 1999 AP story was widely denounced by American politicians and some media outlets as a slander on American troops.<\/p>\n

The Pentagon promised an exhaustive investigation. In January 2001, the Pentagon released a 300-page report purporting to prove that the No Gun Ri killings were merely \u201can unfortunate tragedy\u201d caused by trigger-happy soldiers frightened by approaching refugees.<\/p>\n

President Bill Clinton announced his \u201cregret that Korean civilians lost their lives at No Gun Ri.\u201d In an interview, he was asked why he used \u201cregret\u201d instead of \u201capology.\u201d He declared, \u201cI believe that the people who looked into it could not conclude that there was a deliberate act, decided at a high-enough level in the military hierarchy, to acknowledge that, in effect, the Government had participated in something that was terrible.\u201d Clinton specified that there was no evidence of \u201cwrongdoing high-enough in the chain of command in the Army to say that, in effect, the Government was responsible.\u201d<\/p>\n

But the atrocities against civilians had been common knowledge among U.S. troops 50 years earlier. As Charles Hanley, Sang-Hun Choe, and Martha Mendoza noted in their 2001 book, The Bridge at No Gun Ri, the Pentagon in 1952 \u201cwithdrew official endorsement from RKO\u2019s One Minute to Zero, a Korean War movie in which an Army colonel played by actor Robert Mitchum orders artillery fire on a column of refugees.\u201d The Pentagon fretted that \u201cthis sequence could be utilized for anti-American propaganda\u201d and banned the film from being shown on U.S. military bases.<\/p>\n

In 2005, Sahr Conway-Lanz, a Harvard University doctoral student, discovered a letter in the National Archives from the U.S. ambassador to Korea, John Muccio, sent to Assistant Secretary of State Dean Rusk on the day the No Gun Ri massacre commenced. Muccio summarized a new policy from a meeting between U.S. military and South Korean officials: \u201cIf refugees do appear from north of U.S. lines they will receive warning shots, and if they then persist in advancing they will be shot.\u201d The new policy was radioed to Army units around Korea on the morning the No Gun Ri massacre began. The U.S. military feared that North Korean troops might be hiding amidst the refugees.\u00a0 The Pentagon initially claimed that its investigators had never seen Muccio\u2019s letter.\u00a0 Louis Caldera, who was Army secretary in 2001, declared, \u201cMillions of pages of files were reviewed and it is certainly possible they may have simply missed it.\u201d\u00a0 But Muccio\u2019s letter was in the specific research file used for the official exoneration report.<\/p>\n

Conway-Lanz\u2019s 2006 book Collateral Damage: Americans, Noncombatant Immunity, and Atrocity after World War II quoted an official U.S. Navy history of the first six months of the Korean War stating that the policy of strafing civilians was \u201cwholly defensible.\u201d An official Army history noted, \u201cEventually, it was decided to shoot anyone who moved at night.\u201d A report for the aircraft carrier USS Valley Forge justified attacking civilians because the Army insisted that \u201cgroups of more than eight to ten people were to be considered troops, and were to be attacked.\u201d<\/p>\n

In 2007, the Army recited its original denial: \u201cNo policy purporting to authorize soldiers to shoot refugees was ever promulgated to soldiers in the field.\u201d But the Associated Press exposed more dirt from the U.S. archives: \u201cMore than a dozen documents \u2014 in which high-ranking U.S. officers tell troops that refugees are \u2018fair game,\u2019 for example, and order them to \u2018shoot all refugees coming across river\u2019 \u2014 were found by the AP in the investigators\u2019 own archived files after the 2001 inquiry. None of those documents was disclosed in the Army\u2019s 300-page public report.\u201d A former Air Force pilot told investigators that his plane and three others strafed refugees at the same time of the No Gun Ri massacre; the official report claimed that \u201call pilots interviewed \u2026 knew nothing about such orders.\u201d Evidence also surfaced of massacres like No Gun Ri. On September 1, 1950, the destroyer USS DeHaven, at the Army\u2019s insistence, \u201cfired on a seaside refugee encampment at Pohang, South Korea. Survivors say 100 to 200 people were killed.\u201d<\/p>\n

Slaughtering civilians en masse became routine procedure after the Chinese army intervened in the Korean war in late 1950. MacArthur spoke of turning North Korean-held territory into a \u201cdesert.\u201d The U.S. military eventually \u201cexpanded its definition of a military target to any structure that could shelter enemy troops or supplies.\u201d Gen. Curtis LeMay summarized the achievements: \u201cWe burned down every town in North Korea \u2026 and some in South Korea, too.\u201d\u00a0 Yet, despite the hit-anything-still-standing bombing policy, most Americans believed the U.S. military\u00a0 acted humanely in Korea.\u00a0\u00a0 Historian Conway-Lanz noted: \u201cThe issue of intention, and not the question of whose weapons literally killed civilians or destroyed their homes, became the morally significant one for many Americans.\u201d<\/p>\n

A million civilians may have been killed during the war. A South Korean government Truth and Reconciliation Commission uncovered many previously unreported atrocities and concluded that \u201cAmerican troops killed groups of South Korean civilians on 138 separate occasions during the Korean War,\u201d the New York Times reported.<\/p>\n

Truth delayed is truth defused. The Pentagon strategy on Korean War atrocities succeeded because it left facts to the historians, not the policymakers. The truth about No Gun Ri finally slipped out \u2014 ten presidencies later. Even more damaging, the Rules of Engagement for killing Korean civilians were covered up for four more U.S. wars. If U.S. policy for slaying Korean refugees (or anyone who \u201cmoved at night\u201d) had been exposed during that war, it might have curtailed similar killings in Vietnam (many of which were not revealed until decades after the war).<\/p>\n

Former congressman and decorated Korean War veteran Pete McCloskey (R-Calif.) warned, \u201cThe government will always lie about embarrassing matters.\u201d The same shenanigans permeate other U.S. wars. The secrecy and deceit surrounding U.S. warring has had catastrophic consequences in this century. The Bush administration exploited the 9\/11 attacks to justify attacking Iraq in 2003, and it was not until 2016 that the U.S. government revealed documents exposing the Saudi government\u2019s role in financing the 9\/11 hijackers (15 of 19 whom were Saudi citizens). The Pentagon covered up the vast majority of U.S. killings of Iraqi civilians until Bradley Manning and WikiLeaks exposed them in 2010.<\/p>\n

When politicians or generals appear itching to pull the United States into another foreign war, remember that truth is routinely the first casualty.\u00a0 Governments that recklessly slay masses of civilians won\u2019t honestly investigate and announce their guilt to the world. Self-government is a mirage if Americans do not receive enough information to judge killings committed in their name.<\/p>\n

This piece was original published by the Libertarian Institute.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Counterpunch, August 4, 2023 Korean Armistice at 70: Redefining Atrocities as Victory by James Bovard       Last week was the 70th anniversary of the armistice that ended the fighting between North and South Korea.\u00a0 In a low-key commemoration, the White House Press Office issued a statement from President Biden calling to \u201crenew our […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18534,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[120,2124,349,2143,38,2564],"class_list":["post-18533","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-atrocity","tag-biden","tag-coverup","tag-korean-war","tag-obama","tag-truman"],"yoast_head":"\nKorean Armistice at 70: Redefining Atrocities as Victory - James Bovard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Korean War atrocities buried for 50 years after end of the war\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jimbovard.com\/blog\/2023\/08\/04\/korean-armistice-at-70-redefining-atrocities-as-victory\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Korean Armistice at 70: Redefining Atrocities as Victory - 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The Wall Street Journal called Bovard \\\"the roving inspector general of the modern state\\\" and Washington Post columnist George Will called him a \\\"one-man truth squad.\\\" His 1994 book, Lost Rights: The Destruction of American Liberty, received the Free Press Association\u2019s Mencken Award as Book of the Year. His Terrorism & Tyranny won the Lysander Spooner \\\"Best Book on Liberty in 2003\\\" award. He received the Thomas Szasz Award for Civil Liberties work, awarded by the Center for Independent Thought and the Freedom Fund Award from the Firearms Civil Rights Defense Fund of the National Rifle Association. 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The Wall Street Journal called Bovard \"the roving inspector general of the modern state\" and Washington Post columnist George Will called him a \"one-man truth squad.\" His 1994 book, Lost Rights: The Destruction of American Liberty, received the Free Press Association\u2019s Mencken Award as Book of the Year. His Terrorism & Tyranny won the Lysander Spooner \"Best Book on Liberty in 2003\" award. He received the Thomas Szasz Award for Civil Liberties work, awarded by the Center for Independent Thought and the Freedom Fund Award from the Firearms Civil Rights Defense Fund of the National Rifle Association. 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