{"id":21399,"date":"2025-03-03T10:29:53","date_gmt":"2025-03-03T15:29:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jimbovard.com\/blog\/?p=21399"},"modified":"2025-03-03T10:29:53","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T15:29:53","slug":"power-of-the-pen-bush-signing-statements-2006","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jimbovard.com\/blog\/2025\/03\/03\/power-of-the-pen-bush-signing-statements-2006\/","title":{"rendered":"Power of the Pen Bush Signing Statements (2006)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Power of the Pen<\/a><\/h2>\n
The president uses signing statements to decree which laws apply to him.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n
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James Bovard , American Conservative<\/a><\/div>\n
July 17, 2006<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n
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For generations, Republican politicians have spoken reverently of the rule of law. But since 2001, this hoary doctrine has been redefined to mean little more than the enforcement of the secret thoughts of the commander in chief.<\/p>\n

George W. Bush has added more than 750 \u201csigning statements\u201d to new laws since he took office. Earlier presidents occasionally appended such comments to new statutes, but Bush is the first to use signing statements routinely to nullify key provisions of new laws. He perennially announces that he will not be bound by limits on his power and that he will scorn obligations to disclose how federal power is being used.<\/p>\n

While Bush supporters speak glowingly of originalist interpretations of the Constitution, Bush\u2019s signing statements have far more in common with George III than with George Washington. The Constitution specifies that Congress shall \u201cmake all laws\u201d and that presidents must \u201ctake care that the laws be faithfully executed.\u201d But Bush\u2014his ego swollen by swarms of groveling intellectuals\u2014has embraced theories that convince him that the president alone may decree what shall be the law.<\/p>\n

Bush\u2019s most famous signing statement was on the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005. After White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales publicly declared that Bush enjoyed a \u201ccommander in chief override\u201d regarding laws prohibiting torture, members of Congress enacted legislation to make it stark that torture was illegal. The White House engaged in long and arduous negotiations with Congress. After Bush signed this law last Dec. 30, he announced that he would construe it \u201cin a manner consistent with the constitutional authority of the President to supervise the unitary executive branch and as Commander in Chief and consistent with the constitutional limitations on the judicial power.\u201d This was widely interpreted to mean that the law is binding only when Bush pleases. He was reiterating a confidential 2002 Justice Department memo that declared that the federal Anti-Torture Act \u201cwould be unconstitutional if it impermissibly encroached on the President\u2019s constitutional power to conduct a military campaign.\u201d<\/p>\n

Getting the Patriot Act renewed was one of the Bush administration\u2019s highest priorities. After months of negotiations and compromises, a bipartisan agreement was finally reached, giving the White House almost everything it wanted. As part of the deal, Bush administration officials agreed to provide Congress with more details on how Patriot Act powers were being used. The Justice Department would be obliged to disclose to Congress how many Americans\u2019 privacy was being violated by FBI subpoenas known as National Security Letters. (The Washington Post reported that the FBI was issuing 30,000 such letters a year). However, Bush reneged in a \u201csigning statement\u201d quietly released after a heavily hyped White House bill-signing ceremony. Bush decreed that he was entitled to deny Congress any information that would \u201cimpair foreign relations, national security, the deliberative process of the executive, or the performance of the executive\u2019s constitutional duties.\u201d Bush announced that he would interpret the law \u201cin a manner consistent with the president\u2019s constitutional authority to supervise the unitary executive branch and to withhold information.\u201d<\/p>\n

In other words, any provision in the law that requires disclosure is presumptively null and void. The crux of the \u201cunitary executive\u201d is that all power rests in the president and that checks and balances are an archaic relic. This is the same \u201cprinciple\u201d the Bush administration invoked to deny Congress everything from Iraqi war plans to the records of the Cheney Energy Task Force. Bush has invoked the \u201cunitary executive\u201d doctrine almost 100 times since taking office, according to Miami University professor Christopher Kelley.<\/p>\n

Democrats were furious over what they saw as a Bush Patriot Act double-cross. Representatives Jane Harman (D-Calif.) and John Conyers (D-Mich.) bitterly complained to Gonzales: \u2018\u2018Many members who supported the final law did so based upon the guarantee of additional reporting and oversight. The administration cannot, after the fact, unilaterally repeal provisions of the law implementing such oversight.\u201d The Bush administration ignored the complaint.<\/p>\n

Bush\u2019s prerogative also apparently includes the right to cover up waste, fraud, and abuse\u2014regardless of how badly taxpayers get boarhogged. After Congress created an inspector general in late 2003 to look into the Coalition Provisional Authority, Bush decreed, \u201cThe CPA IG shall refrain from initiating, carrying out, or completing an audit or investigation, or from issuing a subpoena, which requires access to sensitive operation plans, intelligence matters, counterintelligence matters, ongoing criminal investigations by other administrative units of the Department of Defense related to national security, or other matters the disclosure of which would constitute a serious threat to national security.\u201d Since the Bush administration seems to consider any unfavorable press coverage a \u201cthreat to national security,\u201d it is not surprising that the inspector general found almost nothing\u2014despite pervasive reports and rumors of massive fraud. (There is no evidence that the wording of the signing statement was dictated by Halliburton.) Bush also used a signing statement to undermine the power and independence of an inspector general for Iraq in 2004 legislation.<\/p>\n

Another frequent target of Bush signing smitings are provisions in laws on whistleblowers. Apparently he considers legal protections for whistleblowers a violation of his own prerogatives. The administration recently swayed the Supreme Court to undermine protections for federal employees who disclose federal crimes, and the Justice Department is signaling that it could prosecute both whistleblowers and journalists who publish leakers exposing government abuses.<\/p>\n

Some people consider Bush\u2019s \u201cEl Supremo\u201d view of his own powers as necessary for the war on terror. But Bush claims this prerogative regarding any foreign intervention. As the Boston Globe\u2019s Charlie Savage, who has done the best work on this subject, noted, \u201cOn at least four occasions while Bush has been president, Congress has passed laws forbidding US troops from engaging in combat in Colombia, where the US military is advising the government in its struggle against narcotics-funded Marxist rebels. After signing each bill, Bush declared in his signing statement that he did not have to obey any of the Colombia restrictions because he is commander in chief.\u201d The Colombian government\u2019s paramilitary allies have committed some of the worst atrocities in recent Latin American history. The fact that Bush would claim a unilateral right to engage in what could become a full-scale civil war in Colombia vivifies that his boundless power stems from his job title\u2014not from any conflict with al-Qaeda or other \u201cIslamofascists,\u201d as he likes to call them.<\/p>\n

Bush\u2019s signing statements also imply that he considers the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878\u2014which prohibited using the U.S. military for domestic law enforcement\u2014null and void. Congress passed laws in 2004 and 2005 prohibiting the military from using intelligence not \u201clawfully collected\u201d on American citizens. In both cases, as Savage noted, \u201cBush declared in signing statements that only he, as commander in chief, could decide whether such intelligence can be used by the military.\u201d It is appalling that Congress would feel it necessary to pass a law declaring that the Pentagon cannot violate the Bill of Rights\u2014but the president responds by declaring that he will not be bound by any such law\u2014or by the Constitution.<\/p>\n

The \u201csigning statement\u201d gambit for stretching presidential power was hatched during the Reagan administration. Attorney General Ed Meese instructed Samuel Alito, then a Justice Department lawyer, to analyze how such presidential assertions could buttress the administration\u2019s viewpoints in court. But Alito was a piker compared to George W. Bush. Alito declared that the Justice Department should \u2018\u2018concentrate on points of true ambiguity, rather than issuing interpretations that may seem to conflict with those of Congress.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bush, on the other hand, has used signing statements to negate the most important parts of legislation. According to the Bush administration, if the president issues a signing statement memo that is printed in the Federal Register, federal agencies are not obliged to obey laws enacted by Congress.<\/p>\n

The American Bar Association has appointed a bipartisan panel to examine whether Bush\u2019s signing-statement policies conflict with the Constitution. Their report is due later this summer. However, an ABA report earlier this year that concluded that Bush\u2019s warrantless wiretaps were illegal failed to make the slightest dent in either the administration\u2019s policies or its preening.<\/p>\n

We have a nullification crisis at the heart of the American Republic. Torture is apparently legal, despite a federal prohibition. Domestic wiretapping is apparently legal, despite clear legal and constitutional prohibitions. Seizing suspects and holding them indefinitely is apparently legal, despite the Constitution\u2019s requirement of habeas corpus.<\/p>\n

Apparently, the government is not obliged to obey any law that Bush does not personally approve of. And how can we know which laws Bush approves of? It\u2019s a secret. Bush\u2019s personal thoughts thus become the ultimate law of the land\u2014and no one can know if the government is violating the \u201claw\u201d because Bush has not publicly declared what the law is.<\/p>\n

Why should anyone give Bush the benefit of the doubt and assume that he is obeying all of the laws that he has not yet publicly proclaimed a right to violate? New York University law professor David Golove told the Boston Globe, \u201cWhere you have a president who is willing to declare vast quantities of the legislation that is passed during his term unconstitutional, it implies that he also thinks a very significant amount of the other laws that were already on the books before he became president are also unconstitutional.\u201d<\/p>\n

Americans may have to wait many years to learn what the rule of law meant in 2006. The truth may be suppressed until Bush\u2019s aides begin publishing their memoirs or until the Supreme Court has a change of mood and decides that the executive branch is not entitled to boundless secrecy. In the meantime, don\u2019t count on the legislative branch to right the balance: Bush has encountered almost no effective resistance in his own party to his power grabs. One Republican senator recently told author Elizabeth Drew: \u201cWe\u2019ve got to hang with the president because if you start splitting with him or say the president has been abusing power we\u2019ll all go down.\u201d Sen. Pat Roberts (R-Kan.), the chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee, recently denounced criticism of the NSA warrantless wiretapping as \u201cinsulting\u201d to the president, Drew reported. Apparently, some prominent Republicans believe that the president cannot be criticized even after he admits breaking the law.<\/p>\n

So what is the meaning of \u201climited government\u201d in the Bush era? Merely that the courts and Congress must be prohibited from limiting the president\u2019s power.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

James Bovard is the author of Attention Deficit Democracy (Palgrave 2006) and eight other books. <\/em><\/p>\n

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